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Plant and animal cells are commonly understood as acquiring specializedfunctions through differentiation and asymmetric division. However, uniquecapabilities are also acquired when two or more cells fuse together, mixingcytoplasmic and genetic material. Here, we combine imaging experiments withbiophysical modeling to perform the first risk-benefit analysis of cell-cellfusion. On one hand, we find fusion introduces an intrinsic instability to thepopulation dynamics. On the other hand, we measure an unusual physiologicalscaling suggesting these cells grow substantially larger at lower energeticcosts. Further analysis of the cytoskeleton finds a size-associated phaseseparation of F-actin that self-organizes multinucleated cell phenotypes.

Population stability risks and biophysical benefits of cell-cell fusion in macrophage, osteoclast, and giant multinucleated cells