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In this paper, we address an unsolved problem in the real world: how toensure the integrity of the web content in a browser in the presence ofmalicious browser extensions? The problem of exposing confidential usercredentials to malicious extensions has been widely understood, which hasprompted major banks to deploy two-factor authentication. However, theimportance of the `integrity' of the web content has received little attention.We implement two attacks on real-world online banking websites and show thatignoring the `integrity' of the web content can fundamentally defeat two-factorsolutions. To address this problem, we propose a cryptographic protocol calledDOMtegrity to ensure the end-to-end integrity of the DOM structure of a webpage from delivering at a web server to the rendering of the page in the user'sbrowser. DOMtegrity is the first solution that protects DOM integrity withoutmodifying the browser architecture or requiring extra hardware. It works byexploiting subtle yet important differences between browser extensions andin-line JavaScript code. We show how DOMtegrity prevents the earlier attacksand a whole range of man-in-the-browser (MITB) attacks. We conduct extensiveexperiments on more than 14,000 real-world extensions to evaluate theeffectiveness of DOMtegrity.

DOMtegrity: Ensuring Web Page Integrity against Malicious Browser Extensions