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In a recent paper Basieva, Cervantes, Dzhafarov, and Khrennikov (2019)presented a series of experiments which they claimed show evidence forcontextuality in human judgments. This was based on a set of modified Bell-likeinequalities designed to rule out effects caused by signalling. In this commentwe show that it is, however, possible to construct a non-contextual model whichexplains the experimental data via direct influences, which we take to meanthat a measurement outcome has a (model-specific) causal dependence on othermeasurements. We trace the apparent inconsistency to a definition of signallingwhich does not account for all possible forms of direct influence. Further, wecast doubt on the idea that any experimental data in psychology could provideconclusive evidence for contextuality beyond that explainable by directinfluence.

Contextuality in Human Decision Making in the Presence of Direct Influences: A Comment on Basieva et al. (2019)