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The highly heterogeneous and biologically active continental shelf-seas areimportant components of the oceanic carbon sink. Carbon rich water fromshelf-seas is exported at depth to the open ocean, a process known as thecontinental shelf pump, with open-ocean surface water moving (transported) ontothe shelf driving the export at depth. Existing methods to study shelf-wideexchange focus on the wind or geostrophic currents, often ignoring theircombined effect, spatial heterogeniety or any other ageostrophic components.Here we investigate the influence that wind, wave and current interactions canhave on surface transport and carbon export across continental shelves. Using a21 year global re-analysis dataset we confirm that geostrophic and wind drivenEkman processes are important for the transport of water onto shelf seas; butthe dominance of each is location and season dependent. A global wave modelre-analysis shows that one type of ageostrophic flow, Stokes drift due towaves, can also be significant. A regional case study using two submesocalemodel simulations identifies that up to 100% of the cross-shelf surface flow inEuropean seas can be due to ageostrophic components. Using these results andgrouping shelf-seas based on their observed carbon accumulation rates showsthat differences in rates are consistent with imbalances between the processesdriving atmosphere-ocean exchange at the surface and those driving carbonexport at depth. Therefore expected future changes in wind and wave climatesupport the need to monitor cross-shelf transport and the size of thecontinental shelf-sea carbon pump. The results presented show that the SeaSurface Kinematics Multiscale monitoring satellite mission (SKIM), will becapable of providing measurements of the total cross-shelf current, which arenow needed to enable routine monitoring of the global continental shelf-seacarbon pump.

Wind, wave and current interactions appear key for quantifying  cross-shelf transport and carbon export; new knowledge and the potential of  SKIM to enable monitoring