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Patient motion is well-known for degrading image quality during medicalimaging. Especially positron emission tomography (PET) is susceptible to motiondue to its usually long scan times. In hybrid PET/MRI (magnetic resonanceimaging), simultaneously acquired dynamic MRI data can be used to correct formotion. Usually, MRI model-based motion correction approaches are applied tothe PET data. However, these approaches may fail for non-predictable, irregularmotion. We propose a novel approach for the continuous and real-time trackingof motion using highly accelerated, dynamic MRI for an accurate motionestimation. For this purpose, a TurboFLASH sequence is utilized in single-shotmode with additional exploiting GRAPPA acceleration. Sampling frequency for oneslice is up to 26 ms and 520 ms for one 3D volume of 20 coronal slices.Principal component analysis and a phase-sensitive resorting of slices isperformed to restore temporal consistency of the volumes. Motion is estimatedfrom these volumes using hyper-elastic registration. The approach is validatedwith the help of a dynamic thorax phantom as well as with eleven healthyvolunteers. Phantom ground-truth data demonstrates that the approach producesan accurate motion estimation. Volunteer validation proves that the approach isalso valid for different respiratory amplitudes including highly irregularbreathing. The approach could be proved to be promising for a continuous PETmotion correction.

Estimation of Physiological Motion Using Highly Accelerated Continuous 2D MRI