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The brain is an assembly of neuronal populations interconnected by structuralpathways. Brain activity is expressed on and constrained by this substrate.Therefore, statistical dependencies between functional signals in directlyconnected areas can be expected higher. However, the degree to which brainfunction is bound by the underlying wiring diagram remains a complex questionthat has been only partially answered. Here, we introduce thestructural-decoupling index to quantify the coupling strength between structureand function, and we reveal a macroscale gradient from brain regions morestrongly coupled, to regions more strongly decoupled, than expected byrealistic surrogate data. This gradient spans behavioral domains fromlower-level sensory function to high-level cognitive ones and shows for thefirst time that the strength of structure-function coupling is spatiallyvarying in line with evidence derived from other modalities, such as functionalconnectivity, gene expression, microstructural properties and temporalhierarchy.

Decoupling of brain function from structure reveals regional behavioral specialization in humans