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For much of biology, the manner in which genotype maps to phenotype remains afundamental mystery. The few maps that are known tend to show modularpleiotropy: sets of phenotypes are determined by distinct sets of genes. Onekey map that has evaded discovery is that of the human brain's networkarchitecture. Here, we determine the form of this map for gene coexpression andsingle nucleotide polymorphisms. We discover that mostly non-overlapping setsof genes encode the connectivity of brain network modules (or so-calledcommunities), suggesting that brain network communities demarcate genetictransitions. We find that these clean boundaries break down at connector hubs,whose integrative connectivity is encoded by pleiotropic genes from mostlynon-overlapping sets. Broadly, this study opens fundamentally new directions inthe study of genetic encoding of brain development, evolution, and disease.

The human brain's network architecture is genetically encoded by modular pleiotropy