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Although the emergence of the programmable smart contract makes blockchainsystems easily embrace a wider range of industrial areas, how to execute smartcontracts efficiently becomes a big challenge nowadays. Due to the existence ofByzantine nodes, the mechanism of executing smart contracts is quite differentfrom that in database systems, so that existing successful concurrency controlprotocols in database systems cannot be employed directly. Moreover, eventhough smart contract execution follows a two-phase style, i.e, the miner nodeexecutes a batch of smart contracts in the first phase and the validatorsreplay them in the second phase, existing parallel solutions only focus on theoptimization in the first phase, but not including the second phase.  In this paper, we propose a novel efficient concurrency control scheme whichis the first one to do optimization in both phases. Specifically, (i) in thefirst phase, we give a variant of OCC (Optimistic Concurrency Control) protocolbased on {\em batching} feature to improve the concurrent execution efficiencyfor the miner and produce a schedule log with high parallelism for validators.Also, a graph partition algorithm is devised to divide the original schedulelog into small pieces and further reduce the communication cost; and (ii) inthe second phase, we give a deterministic OCC protocol to replay all smartcontracts efficiently on multi-core validators where all cores can replay smartcontracts independently. Theoretical analysis and extensive experimentalresults illustrate that the proposed scheme outperforms state-of-art solutionssignificantly.

Concurrency Protocol Aiming at High Performance of Execution and Replay for Smart Contracts