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Background: The computationally intensive task of real-time rendering can beoffloaded to remote cloud systems. However, due to network latency, interactiveremote rendering (IRR) introduces the challenge of interaction latency (IL),which is the time between an action and response to that action. Objectives: tomodel sources of latency, measure it in a real-world network and to use thisunderstanding to simulate latency so that we have a controlled platform forexperimental work in latency management. Method: we present a seven-parametermodel of latency for a typical IRR system; we describe new, minimally intrusivesoftware methods for measuring latency in a 3D graphics environment and createa novel latency simulator tool in software. Results: We demonstrate our latencysimulator is comparable to real-world behavior and confirm that real-worldlatency exceeds the interactive limit of 70ms over long distance connections.We also find that current approaches to measuring IL are not general enough formost situations and therefore propose a novel general-purpose solution.Conclusion: to ameliorate latency in IRR systems we need controllablesimulation tools for experimentation. In addition to a new measurementtechnique, we propose a new approach that will be of interest to IRRresearchers and developers when designing IL compensation techniques.

Measuring and simulating latency in interactive remote rendering systems