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This study investigates the impacts of the Automobile NOx Law of 1992 onambient air pollutants and fetal and infant health outcomes in Japan. Usingpanel data taken from more than 1,500 monitoring stations between 1987 and1997, we find that NOx and SO2 levels reduced by 87% and 52%, respectively inregulated areas following the 1992 regulation. In addition, using amunicipal-level Vital Statistics panel dataset and adopting the regressiondifferences-in-differences method, we find that the enactment of the regulationexplained most of the improvements in the fetal death rate between 1991 and1993. This study is the first to provide evidence on the positive impacts ofthis large-scale automobile regulation policy on fetal health.

Particulate Air Pollution, Birth Outcomes, and Infant Mortality: Evidence from Japan's Automobile Emission Control Law of 1992