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It is important to measure the disruption of academic papers. According tothe characteristics of three different kinds of citations, this paper borrowsmusical vocabulary and names them solo citations (SC), duet citations (DC), andprelude citations (PC) respectively. Studying how to measure the disruption ofa published work effectively, this study analyzes nine indicators and suggestsa general evaluation formula. Seven of the nine indicators are innovationsintroduced by this paper: SC, SC-DC, SC-PC, SC-DC-PC, (SC-DC)/(SC+DC),(SC-PC)/(SC+DC), and (SC-DC-PC)/(SC+DC), as is the general formula. Theseindices are discussed considering two cases: One case concerns the CitationIndexes for Science and the other concerns Co-citations. The results show that,compared with other indicators, four indicators (SC, SC-DC, SC/(SC+DC), and(SC-DC)/(SC+DC)) are logically and empirically reasonable. Future research mayconsider combining these indices, for example, using SC multiplied bySC/(SC+DC) or SC-DC multiplied by (SC-DC)/(SC+DC), to get final evaluationresults that contain desirable characteristics of two types of indicators.Confirming which of the evaluation results from these indicators can bestreflect the innovation of research papers requires much empirical analysis.

Solo citations, duet citations, and prelude citations: New measures of the disruption of academic papers