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In wireless sensor networks (WSNs), implementing a high-precision timesynchronization scheme on resource-constrained sensor nodes is a majorchallenge. Our investigation of the practical implementation on a real testbedof the state-of-the-art WSN time synchronization scheme based on theasynchronous source clock frequency recovery and the reverse two-way messageexchange, which can compensate for both propagation delay and clock skew forhigher precision, reveals that its performance on battery-powered,low-complexity sensor nodes is not up to that predicted from simulationexperiments due to the limited precision floating-point arithmetic of sensornodes. Noting the lower computational capability of typical sensor nodes andits impact on time synchronization, we propose an asymmetric high-precisiontime synchronization scheme that can provide high-precision timesynchronization even with resource-constrained sensor nodes in multi-hop WSNs.In the proposed scheme, all synchronization-related computations are done atthe head node equipped with abundant computing and power resources, while thesensor nodes are responsible for timestamping only. Experimental results with atestbed based on TelosB motes running TinyOS demonstrate that the proposed timesynchronization scheme can avoid time synchronization errors resulting from thesingle-precision floating-point arithmetic of the resource-constrained sensornodes and achieve microsecond-level time synchronization accuracy in multi-hopWSNs.

On the Practical Implementation of Propagation Delay and Clock Skew  Compensated High-Precision Time Synchronization Schemes with  Resource-Constrained Sensor Nodes in Multi-Hop Wireless Sensor Networks