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Optical and X-ray observations of strongly gravitationally lensed quasars(especially when four separate images of the quasar are produced) determine notonly the amount of matter in the lensing galaxy but also how much is in asmooth component and how much is composed of compact masses (e.g., stars,stellar remnants, primordial black holes, CDM sub-halos, and planets). Futureoptical surveys will discover hundreds to thousands of quadruply lensedquasars, and sensitive X-ray observations will unambiguously determine theratio of smooth to clumpy matter at specific locations in the lensing galaxiesand calibrate the stellar mass fundamental plane, providing a determination ofthe stellar $M/L$. A modest observing program with a sensitive, sub-arcsecondX-ray imager, combined with the planned optical observations, can make thosedeterminations for a large number (hundreds) of the lensing galaxies, whichwill span a redshift range of $\sim$$0.25<z<1.5$

The Most Powerful Lenses in the Universe: Quasar Microlensing as a Probe of the Lensing Galaxy