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The last five years have witnessed a remarkable progress in the field of leadhalide perovskite materials and devices. Examining the existing body ofliterature reveals staggering inconsistencies in the reported results amongdifferent research groups with a particularly wide spread in the photovoltaicperformance and stability of devices. In this work we demonstrate thatfractional, quite possibly unintentional, deviations in the precursor solutionstoichiometry can cause significant changes in the properties of the perovskitelayer as well as in the performance and stability of perovskite photovoltaicdevices. We show that while the absorbance and morphology of the layers remainslargely unaffected, the surface composition and energetics, crystallinity,emission efficiency, energetic disorder and storage stability are all verysensitive to the precise stoichiometry of the precursor solution. Our resultselucidate the origin of the irreproducibility and inconsistencies of reportedresults among different groups as well as the wide spread in device performanceeven within individual studies. Finally, we propose a simple experimentalmethod to identify the exact stoichiometry of the perovskite layer thatresearchers can employ to confirm their experiments are performed consistentlywithout unintentional variations in precursor stoichiometry.

Fractional Deviations in Precursor Stoichiometry Dictate the Properties, Performance and Stability of Perovskite Photovoltaic Devices