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Generalized Brewster angle (GBA) is the incidence angle at which polarizationby reflection for p- and s-polarized light takes place. Realizings-polarization Brewster effect requires a material with magnetic response whichis challenging at optical frequencies since the magnetic response of materialsat these frequencies is extremely weak. Here, we experimentally realize GBAeffect in the visible using a thin-film absorber system consisting of adielectric film on an absorbing substrate. Polarization by reflection isrealized for both p- and s- polarized light at different angles of incidenceand multiple wavelengths. We provide a theoretical framework for thegeneralized Brewster effect in thin-film light absorbers. We demonstratehydrogen gas sensing using a single layer graphene film transferred on athin-film absorber at the GBA with ~1 fg/mm2 aerial mass sensitivity. Theultrahigh sensitivity stems from the strong phase sensitivity near point ofdarkness, particularly at the GBA, and the strong light-matter interaction inplanar nanocavities. These findings depart from the traditional domain ofthin-films as mere interference optical coatings and highlight its manypotential applications including gas sensing and biosensing.

Generalized Brewster-angle effect in thin-film optical absorbers and its application for graphene hydrogen sensing