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Jazz music that swings has the fascinating power to elicit a pleasantsensation of flow in listeners and the desire to synchronize body movementswith the music. Whether microtiming deviations (MTDs), i.e. small timingdeviations below the bar or phrase level, enhance the feeling of swing ishighly debated in the current literature. Studies on other groove relatedgenres did not find evidence for a positive impact of MTDs. The present studyaddresses jazz music and swing in particular, as there is some evidence thatmicrotiming patterns are genre-specific. We recorded twelve piano jazzstandards played by a professional pianist and manipulated the natural MTDs ofthe recordings in systematic ways by quantizing, expanding and inverting them.MTDs were defined with respect to a grid determined by the average swing ratio.The original and manipulated versions were presented in an online survey andevaluated by 160 listeners with various musical skill levels and backgrounds.Across pieces the quantized versions (without MTDs) were rated slightly higherand versions with expanded MTDs were rated lower with regard to swing than theoriginal recordings. Unexpectedly, inversion had no impact on swing ratingsexcept for two pieces. Our results suggest that naturally fluctuating MTDs arenot an essential factor for the feeling of swing.

Does it Swing? Microtiming Deviations and Swing Feeling in Jazz