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The development of scalable Out of Autoclave (OoA) in situ thermoset curingmethods are required to overcome important drawbacks related to the autoclavebased processing methods typically used in industry. The incorporation ofgraphene, an electrothermal carbon nanomaterial with the ability to transformelectric energy into heat through Joule heating, emerges as a promising routeto replace the conventional processing methods. In this work the electricalbehaviour of both uncured and oven cured GNPs/epoxy composites with loadings ofup to 10 wt% were evaluated and electrical percolation thresholds wereestablished for both. Above the critical loading found for oven cured materials(8.5 wt%) the electrically conducting networks of GNPs formed in the matrixshowed the ability to act as integrated nanoheaters when an electric currentwas passed through them, successfully curing the composites by Joule heating.Composites prepared by this OoA curing method (as an alternative to thetraditional oven based one) at 10 wt% loading of GNPs were also prepared andcompared to the oven cured ones. They showed more compact composite structures,with less microvoids and a preferred orientation of the GNPs in the matrixrelative to the oven cured material at identical loading, as revealed byelectron microscopy and polarized Raman spectroscopy, respectively. Thismicrostructure and anisotropy induced by the electrically induced (i.e. OoA)cure led to GNPs/epoxy composites with superior electrical and mechanicalproperties (revealed by tensile testing). The well distributed GNPnanoparticles acting as nanoheaters integrated in a thermosetting matrix, incombination with excellent mechanical and electrical performances achieved forthe overall graphene/epoxy composites and the simplicity associated to themethod, should open the door to novel industrial applications.

Electrically conductive GNP/epoxy composites for out-of-autoclave thermoset curing through Joule heating