English (United Kingdom)

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/featured_content/oa?rat=en

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/highlighted_journal/

Global: Zendy Tools annual

Presents the keyphrase highlighting as premium feature

Keyphrase Highlighting

Presents the summarisation as premium feature

Summarisation

Insights

Presents the pdf analysis as premium feature

PDF Analysis

Presents the zaia usage as premium feature

ZAIA

Global: Zendy Tools monthly

Global: Zendy Plus monthly

Presents the access of premium content as premium feature

Premium Content

Global: Zendy Plus annual

Global: Zendy Free Plan

Additive fabrication of biocompatible 3D structures out of liquid hydrogelsolutions has become pivotal technology for tissue engineering, soft robotics,biosensing, drug delivery, etc. Electron and X-ray lithography are well suitedto pattern nanoscopic features out of dry polymers, however, the directadditive manufacturing in hydrogel solutions with these powerful tools is hardto implement due to vacuum incompatibility of hydrated samples. In this work,we resolve this principal impediment and demonstrate a technique for in-liquidhydrogel 3D-sculpturing separating high vacuum instrumentation and volatilesample with ultrathin molecularly impermeable membranes transparent tolow-energy electrons and soft X-rays. Using either scanning focused electron orsynchrotron soft X-ray beams, the principle of the technique, particularitiesof the in-liquid crosslinking mechanism and factors affecting the ultimate gelfeature size are described and validated through the comparison of experimentsand simulations. The potential of this technique is demonstrated on a fewpractical examples such as encapsulation of nanoparticles and live-cell as wellas fabrication of mesoscopic 3D-hydrogel structures via modulation of the beamenergy

Focused Electron and X-ray Beam Crosslinking in Liquids for Nanoscale Hydrogels 3D Printing and Encapsulation