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As new technologies such as the Internet of Things (IoT) are integrated intoCritical National Infrastructures (CNI), new cybersecurity threats emerge thatrequire specific security solutions. Approaches used for analysis include themodelling and simulation of critical infrastructure systems using attributes,functionalities, operations, and behaviours to support various securityanalysis viewpoints, recognising and appropriately managing associated securityrisks. With several critical infrastructure protection approaches available,the question of how to effectively model the complex behaviour ofinterconnected CNI elements and to configure their protection as asystem-of-systems remains a challenge. Using a systematic review approach,existing critical infrastructure protection approaches (tools and techniques)are examined to determine their suitability given trends like IoT, andeffective security modelling and analysis issues. It is found thatempirical-based, agent-based, system dynamics-based, and network-basedmodelling are more commonly applied than economic-based and equation-basedtechniques, and empirical-based modelling is the most widely used. The energyand transportation critical infrastructure sectors reflect the most responsivesectors, and no one Critical Infrastructure Protection (CIP) approach - tool,technique, methodology or framework -- provides a fit-for-all capacity forall-round attribute modelling and simulation of security risks. Typically,deciding factors for CIP choices to adopt are often dominated by trade-offsbetween complexity of use and popularity of approach, as well as betweenspecificity and generality of application in sectors.

A Review of Critical Infrastructure Protection Approaches: Improving Security through Responsiveness to the Dynamic Modelling Landscape