English (United Kingdom)

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/featured_content/oa?rat=en

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/highlighted_journal/

Global: Zendy Plus annual

Presents the access of premium content as premium feature

Premium Content

Presents the keyphrase highlighting as premium feature

Keyphrase Highlighting

Presents the summarisation as premium feature

Summarisation

Insights

Presents the pdf analysis as premium feature

PDF Analysis

Presents the zaia usage as premium feature

ZAIA

Global: Zendy Plus monthly

Global: Zendy Tools annual

Global: Zendy Tools monthly

Global: Zendy Free Plan

It is well known that one-loop free energy of closed strings diverges abovethe Hagedorn temperature. One explanation for this divergence is that a`winding mode' in the Euclidean time direction becomes tachyonic above theHagedorn temperature. The Hagedorn transition of closed strings has beenproposed as a phase transition via condensation of this winding tachyon.However, we have not known the stable minimum of the potential of this windingtachyon so far. On the other hand, we have previously calculated the finitetemperature effective potential of open strings on D-brane--anti-D-brane pairs,and shown that a phase transition occurs near the Hagedorn temperature andD9-brane--anti-D9-brane pairs become stable. In this paper, we present aconjecture that {\it D9-brane--anti-D9-brane pairs are created by the Hagedorntransition of closed strings}, and describe some circumstantial evidences. Wecompute two types of the cylinder amplitudes of open strings and show thatthese amplitudes approach to the sphere amplitude of closed strings with twowinding tachyon insertion in the closed string vacuum limit together with theHagedorn temperature limit. We also show that the potential energy at the openstring vacuum decreases limitlessly as the temperature approaches to theHagedorn temperature. It is natural to think that the open string vacuumbecomes the global minimum near the Hagedorn temperature.

Creation of D9-brane--anti-D9-brane Pairs from Hagedorn Transition of Closed Strings