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Speakers usually adjust their way of talking in noisy environmentsinvoluntarily for effective communication. This adaptation is known as theLombard effect. Although speech accompanying the Lombard effect can improve theintelligibility of a speaker's voice, the changes in acoustic features (e.g.fundamental frequency, speech intensity, and spectral tilt) caused by theLombard effect may also affect the listener's judgment of emotional content. Tothe best of our knowledge, there is no published study on the influence of theLombard effect in emotional speech. Therefore, we recorded parallel emotionalspeech waveforms uttered by 12 speakers under both quiet and noisy conditionsin a professional recording studio in order to explore how the Lombard effectinteracts with emotional speech. By analyzing confusion matrices and acousticfeatures, we aim to answer the following questions: 1) Can speakers expresstheir emotions correctly even under adverse conditions? 2) Can listenersrecognize the emotion contained in speech signals even under noise? 3) How doesemotional speech uttered in noise differ from emotional speech uttered in quietconditions in terms of acoustic characteristic?

Does the Lombard Effect Improve Emotional Communication in Noise? - Analysis of Emotional Speech Acted in Noise -