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Models of the chemical evolution of the interstellar medium, galaxies, andthe Universe rely on our understanding of the amounts and chemical compositionof the material returned by stars and supernovae. Stellar yields are obtainedfrom stellar-evolution models, which currently lack predictive prescriptions ofstellar mass loss, although it significantly affects stellar lifetimes,nucleosynthesis, and chemical ejecta. Galaxy properties are derived fromobservations of the integrated light of bright member stars. Stars in the latestages of their evolution are among the infrared-brightest objects in galaxies.An unrealistic treatment of the mass-loss process introduces significantuncertainties in galaxy properties derived from their integrated light. Wedescribe current efforts and future needs and opportunities to characterize AGBoutflows: driving mechanisms, outflow rates, underlying fundamental physicaland chemical processes such as dust grain formation, and dependency of these onmetallicity.

Astro2020 Science White Paper: The fundamentals of outflows from evolved stars