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During the past decades, there is a great popularity employing nonlineardynamics and permutation-substitution architecture for image encryption. Thereare three primary procedures in such encryption schemes, the key schedulemodule for producing encryption factors, permutation for image scrambling andsubstitution for pixel modification. Under the assumption of chosen-ciphertextattack, we evaluate the security of a class of image ciphers which adoptspixel-level permutation and modular addition for substitution. It ismathematically revealed that the mapping from differentials of ciphertexts tothose of plaintexts are linear and has nothing to do with the key schedules,permutation techniques and encryption rounds. Moreover, a universalchosen-ciphertext attack is proposed and validated. Experimental resultsdemonstrate that the plaintexts can be directly reconstructed without anysecurity key or encryption elements. Related cryptographic discussions are alsogiven.

Universal chosen-ciphertext attack for a family of image encryption schemes