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Cell-free Massive MIMO is considered as a promising technology for satisfyingthe increasing number of users and high rate expectations in beyond-5Gnetworks. The key idea is to let many distributed access points (APs)communicate with all users in the network, possibly by using joint coherentsignal processing. The aim of this paper is to provide the first comprehensiveanalysis of this technology under different degrees of cooperation among theAPs. Particularly, the uplink spectral efficiencies of four different cell-freeimplementations are analyzed, with spatially correlated fading and arbitrarylinear processing. It turns out that it is possible to outperform conventionalCellular Massive MIMO and small cell networks by a wide margin, but only usingglobal or local minimum mean-square error (MMSE) combining. This is in sharpcontrast to the existing literature, which advocates for maximum-ratiocombining. Also, we show that a centralized implementation with optimal MMSEprocessing not only maximizes the SE but largely reduces the fronthaulsignaling compared to the standard distributed approach. This makes it thepreferred way to operate Cell-free Massive MIMO networks. Non-linear decodingis also investigated and shown to bring negligible improvements.

Making Cell-Free Massive MIMO Competitive With MMSE Processing and Centralized Implementation