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We have developed a new method for fabrication of ultra-low noisesilver-silver chloride (Ag-AgCl) reference electrode with dramatically highstability, useful in biomedical precise measurements. Low noise level and highstability are the most important features when evaluating reference electrodefor example when used as a half-cell at electrochemical cells. The noise wasmeasured for bare Ag-AgCl electrode pairs in a saline electrolyte without anyjunction. The noise spectral density for such measurements increases at lowfrequencies due to flicker (1/f) noise. Thermal noise from the real part of theelectrode impedance is always lower than 1/f noise and is shown as offsetvoltage in noise spectrum. Electrode noise is highly correlated to its offsetvoltage. Moreover, the variance of the potential difference in our measurementsis correlated to the noise level of electrodes. In this paper, offset voltagespectrum and the variance of data while doing measurements are proposed foridentification of noise in our electrodes. The results presented suggest a newprocess for fabrication of electrode pairs with differential noise potential of16 nanovolt root mean square at frequency of 1 Hz.

Design and Fabrication of an Ultra-low Noise Ag-AgCl Electrode