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What are the most important conditions and processes governing the growth ofstellar-origin compact objects? The identification of compact object type aseither black hole (BH) or neutron star (NS) is fundamental to understandingtheir formation and evolution. To date, time-domain determination of compactobject type remains a relatively untapped tool. Measurement of orbital periods,pulsations, and bursts will lead to a revolution in the study of thedemographics of NS and BH populations, linking source phenomena to accretionand galaxy parameters (e.g., star formation, metallicity). To perform thesemeasurements over sufficient parameter space, a combination of a wide-field(>5000 deg^2) transient X-ray monitor over a dynamic energy range (~1-100 keV)and an X-ray telescope for deep surveys with <5 arcsec PSF half-energy width(HEW) angular resolution are required. Synergy with multiwavelength data forcharacterizing the underlying stellar population will transform ourunderstanding of the time domain properties of transient sources, helping toexplain details of supernova explosions and gravitational wave event rates.

Astro 2020 Science White Paper: Time Domain Studies of Neutron Star and Black Hole Populations: X-ray Identification of Compact Object Types