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Transmission spectra probe the atmospheres of transiting exoplanets, butthese observations are also subject to signals introduced by magnetic activeregions on host stars. Here we outline scientific opportunities in the nextdecade for providing useful constraints on stellar photospheres and informinterpretations of transmission spectra of the smallest ($R<4\,R_{\odot}$)exoplanets. We identify and discuss four primary opportunities: (1) refiningstellar magnetic active region properties through exoplanet crossing events;(2) spectral decomposition of active exoplanet host stars; (3) joint retrievalsof stellar photospheric and planetary atmospheric properties with studies oftransmission spectra; and (4) continued visual transmission spectroscopystudies to complement longer-wavelength studies from $\textit{JWST}$. We makefive recommendations to the Astro2020 Decadal Survey Committee: (1) identifythe transit light source (TLS) effect as a challenge to precise exoplanettransmission spectroscopy and an opportunity ripe for scientific advancement inthe coming decade; (2) include characterization of host star photosphericheterogeneity as part of a comprehensive research strategy for studyingtransiting exoplanets; (3) support the construction of ground-based extremelylarge telescopes (ELTs); (4) support multi-disciplinary research teams thatbring together the heliophysics, stellar physics, and exoplanet communities tofurther exploit transiting exoplanets as spatial probes of stellarphotospheres; and (5) support visual transmission spectroscopy efforts ascomplements to longer-wavelength observational campaigns with $\textit{JWST}$.

Constraining Stellar Photospheres as an Essential Step for Transmission Spectroscopy of Small Exoplanets