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Software is now a vital scientific instrument, providing the tools for datacollection and analysis across disciplines from bioinformatics andcomputational physics, to the humanities. The software used in research isoften home-grown and bespoke: it is constructed for a particular project, andrarely maintained beyond this, leading to rapid decay, and frequent`reinvention of the wheel'. Understanding how to develop sustainable researchsoftware, such that it is suitable for future reuse, is therefore of interestto both researchers and funders, but how to achieve this remains an openquestion. Here we report the results of an interview study examining howresearch software engineers -- the people actively developing software in anacademic research environment -- subjectively define software sustainability.Thematic analysis of the data reveals two interacting dimensions:\emph{intrinsic sustainability}, which relates to internal qualities ofsoftware, such as modularity, encapsulation and testability, and\emph{extrinsic sustainability}, concerning cultural and organisationalfactors, including how software is resourced, supported and shared. Researchsoftware engineers believe an increased focus on quality and discoverabilityare key factors in increasing the sustainability of academic research software.

What Makes Research Software Sustainable? An Interview Study With Research Software Engineers