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Understanding the matter cycle in the interstellar medium of galaxies fromthe assembly of clouds to star formation and stellar feedback remains animportant and exciting field in comtemporary astrophysics. Many open questionsregarding cloud and structure formation, the role of turbulence, and therelative importance of the various feedback processes can only be addressedwith observations of spectrally resolved lines. We here stress the importanceof two specific sets of lines: the finestructure lines of atomic carbon as atracer of the dark molecular gas and mid-J CO lines as tracers of the warm,active molecular gas in regions of turbulence dissipation and feedback. Theobservations must cover a wide range of environments (i.e., physicalconditions), which will be achieved by large scale surveys of Galacticmolecular clouds, the Galactic Center, the Magellanic clouds, and nearbygalaxies. To date, such surveys are completely missing and thus constitute animportant science opportunity for the next decade and beyond. For thesuccessful interpretation of the observations, it will be essential to combinethem with results from (chemical) modelling and simulations of the interstellarmedium.

Astro2020: The Cycling of Matter from the Interstellar Medium to Stars and back