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Having discovered that Earth-sized planets are common, we are now embarkingon a journey to determine if Earth-like planets are also common. FindingEarth-like planets is one of the most compelling endeavors of the 21st century- leading us toward finally answering the question: Are we alone? To achievethis forward-looking goal, we must determine the masses of the planets; thesizes of the planets, by themselves, are not sufficient for the determinationof the bulk and atmospheric compositions. Masses, coupled with the radii, arecrucial constraints on the bulk composition and interior structure of theplanets and the composition of their atmospheres, including the search forbiosignatures. Precision radial velocity is the most viable technique forproviding essential mass and orbit information for spectroscopy of otherEarths. The development of high quality precision radial velocity instrumentscoupled to the building of the large telescope facilities like TMT and GMT orspace-based platforms like EarthFinder can enable very high spectral resolutionobservations with extremely precise radial velocities on minute timescales toallow for the modeling and removal of radial velocity jitter. Over the nextdecade, the legacy of exoplanet astrophysics can be cemented firmly as part ofhumankind's quest in finding the next Earth - but only if we can measure themasses and orbits of Earth-sized planets in habitable zone orbits aroundSun-like stars.

Astro2020 Science White Paper: Toward Finding Earth 2.0: Masses and Orbits of Small Planets with Extreme Radial Velocity Precision