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The large-scale overdensities of galaxies at z~2-7 known as protoclusters arebelieved to be the sites of cluster formation, and deep, wide survey projectssuch as the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope (LSST) and the Wide Field InfraredSurvey Telescope (WFIRST) will deliver significant numbers of these interestingstructures. Spectroscopic confirmation and interpretation of these targets,however, is still challenging, and will require wide-field multi-plexedspectroscopy on >20 m-class telescopes in the optical and near-infrared. In thecoming decade, detailed studies of protoclusters will enable us, for the firsttime, to systematically connect these cluster progenitors in the early universeto their virialized counterparts at lower redshifts. This will allow us toaddress observationally the formation of brightest cluster galaxies and othercluster galaxy populations, the buildup of the intra-cluster light, thechemical enrichment history of the intra-cluster medium, and the formation andtriggering of supermassive black holes in dense environments, all of which arecurrently almost exclusively approached either through the fossil record inclusters or through numerical simulations. Furthermore, at the highestredshifts (z~5-10), these large extended overdensities of star-forming galaxiesare believed to have played an important role in the reionization of theuniverse, which needs to be tested by upcoming experiments. Theory and recentsimulations also suggest important links between these overdensities and theformation of supermassive black holes, but observational evidence is stilllacking. In this white paper we review our current understanding of thisimportant phase of galaxy cluster history that will be explored by the nextgeneration of large aperture ground-based telescopes GMT and TMT.

Tracing the formation history of galaxy clusters into the epoch of reionization