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The rest-frame UV emission from massive stars contains a wealth ofinformation about the physical nature and conditions of star formation ingalaxies. Using studies of the rest-frame UV, the past decade has witnessed thebeginning of knowledge about the existence and properties of galaxies duringthe first few billion years after the Big Bang. This period of historycorresponds to the formation of the first stars, the rapid formation of galaxystellar populations, the reionization of the IGM, the production anddissemination of heavy elements, and the formation of the first black holes.Massive stars in these galaxies drive all of these events, and their lightdominates the spectral energy distributions of galaxies. As we look to the2020s, fundamental questions remain about the nature of these stellarpopulations and their evolution, from just before the peak of the cosmic starformation density (z~3), up to the epoch of reionization (z > 6). This nextdecade will provide transformative gains both in our ability to identifystar-forming galaxies and accreting supermassive black holes at these earlyepochs with imaging surveys in the rest-frame UV (e.g., LSST, WFIRST).Ground-based, rest-frame UV spectroscopy on >20 m-class telescopes (e.g.,GMT/TMT) offers the ability to investigate the astrophysical conditions ingalaxies at the earliest cosmic times. This includes studies of the evolutionin galaxy stellar populations, gas ionization (temperature, pressure),metallicity, and interstellar (and circumgalactic) gas kinematics and coveringfractions. In this white paper, we describe the scientific prospects and therequirements for research in this area.

UV Diagnostics of Galaxies from the Peak of Star-Formation to the Epoch of Reionization