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This white paper, submitted for the Plasma 2020 Decadal Survey, concerns thephysics of weakly collisional, high-beta plasmas -- plasmas in which thethermal pressure dominates over the magnetic pressure and in which theinter-particle collision time is comparable to the characteristic timescales ofbulk motions. This state of matter, although widespread in the Universe,remains poorly understood: we lack a predictive theory for how it responds toperturbations, how it transports momentum and energy, and how it generates andamplifies magnetic fields. Such topics are foundational to the scientific studyof plasmas, and are of intrinsic interest to those who regard plasma physics asa fundamental physics discipline. But these topics are also of extrinsicinterest: addressing them directly informs upon our understanding of a widevariety of space and astrophysical systems, including accretion flows aroundsupermassive black holes, the intracluster medium (ICM) between galaxies inclusters, and regions of the near-Earth solar wind. Specific recommendations toadvance this field of study are discussed.

[Plasma 2020 Decadal] The Material Properties of Weakly Collisional, High-Beta Plasmas