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The unlicensed spectrum, although free, has become an invaluable resourcetoward enabling massive Internet-of-things (IoT) applications, whereInternet-enabled devices are deployed at a large scale. However, realizingmassive IoT connectivity over unlicensed bands requires efficient spectrumsharing among IoT devices and fair coexistence with other wireless networks. Inthis article, we discuss several spectrum sharing methods to address theseintra- and inter-network sharing issues. To this end, we first considerALOHA-based networks that avoid spectrum sensing, yet rely on diversity toimprove connection density of random access. Then, we present sensing-basedsolutions such as unlicensed cellular access that help support a wider range ofapplications with different rate requirements and connection densities.Finally, we highlight future research directions for massive IoT connectivityover the unlicensed spectrum.

Unlicensed Spectrum Sharing for Massive Internet-of-Things Communications