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Learning models of user behaviour is an important problem that is broadlyapplicable across many application domains requiring human-robot interaction.In this work we show that it is possible to learn a generative model fordistinct user behavioral types, extracted from human demonstrations, byenforcing clustering of preferred task solutions within the latent space. Weuse this model to differentiate between user types and to find cases withoverlapping solutions. Moreover, we can alter an initially guessed solution tosatisfy the preferences that constitute a particular user type bybackpropagating through the learned differentiable model. An advantage ofstructuring generative models in this way is that it allows us to extractcausal relationships between symbols that might form part of the user'sspecification of the task, as manifested in the demonstrations. We show thatthe proposed method is capable of correctly distinguishing between three usertypes, who differ in degrees of cautiousness in their motion, while performingthe task of moving objects with a kinesthetically driven robot in a tabletopenvironment. Our method successfully identifies the correct type, within thespecified time, in 99% [97.8 - 99.8] of the cases, which outperforms an IRLbaseline. We also show that our proposed method correctly changes a defaulttrajectory to one satisfying a particular user specification even with unseenobjects. The resulting trajectory is shown to be directly implementable on aPR2 humanoid robot completing the same task.

Using Causal Analysis to Learn Specifications from Task Demonstrations