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Kinos are plant exudates, rich in polyphenols, produced by severalangiosperms in reaction to damage. They flow out of kino veins,schizolysigenous ducts composing an anatomically distinct continuous system oftangentially anastomosing lacunae produced by the vascular cambium, whichencircle the plant. Kino is secreted holocrinously into the vein lumen by acambiform epithelium lined by suberized cells that separate kino veins from thesurrounding axial parenchyma. A model describing kino flow in eucalypts ispresented to investigate how vein distribution and structure, as well as kinoholocrine loading, crystallization, and viscosity affect flow. Consideringviscosity, vein anatomy, and a time-dependent holocrine loading of kino, theunsteady Stokes equation was applied. Qualitatively, kino flow is similar toresin flow. There is an increase in flow towards the vein open end, and bothpressure and flow depend on vein dimensions, kino properties and holocrineloading. However, kino veins present a much smaller specific resistance to flowcompared to resin ducts. Also, unlike resin loading in conifers, holocrine kinoloading is not pressure-driven. The pressure and pressure gradient required todrive an equally fast flow are smaller than what is observed on the resin ductsof conifers. These results agree with previous observations on some angiospermsand suggest that holocrinous gum flow may have lower metabolic energy costs;thus presenting physiological advantages and possibly constituting anevolutionary step of angiosperms in using internal secretory systems in plantdefence mechanisms compared to resin flow in conifers. Understanding of howthese physiological and morphological parameters affect kino flow might beuseful for selecting species and developing more sustainable and economicallyviable methods of tapping gum and gum resin in angiosperms.

Holocrine Secretion and Kino Flow in Angiosperms: Their Role and Physiological Advantages in Plant Defence Mechanisms