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In this paper, we study the design of secure communication for time divisionduplex multi-cell multi-user massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO)systems with active eavesdropping. We assume that the eavesdropper activelyattacks the uplink pilot transmission and the uplink data transmission beforeeavesdropping the downlink data transmission of the users. We exploit both thereceived pilots and the received data signals for uplink channel estimation. Weshow analytically that when the number of transmit antennas and the length ofthe data vector both tend to infinity, the signals of the desired user and theeavesdropper lie in different eigenspaces of the received signal matrix at thebase station provided that their signal powers are different. This findingreveals that decreasing (instead of increasing) the desired user's signal powermight be an effective approach to combat a strong active attack from aneavesdropper. Inspired by this observation, we propose a data-aided securedownlink transmission scheme and derive an asymptotic achievable secrecysum-rate expression for the proposed design. For the special case of asingle-cell single-user system with independent and identically distributedfading, the obtained expression reveals that the secrecy rate scaleslogarithmically with the number of transmit antennas. This is the same scalinglaw as for the achievable rate of a single-user massive MIMO system in theabsence of eavesdroppers. Numerical results indicate that the proposed schemeachieves significant secrecy rate gains compared to alternative approachesbased on matched filter precoding with artificial noise generation and nullspace transmission.

Data-Aided Secure Massive MIMO Transmission under the Pilot Contamination Attack