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Today, most embedded systems use Dynamic Voltage and Frequency Scaling (DVFS)to minimize energy consumption and maximize performance. The DVFS techniqueworks by regulating the important parameters that govern the amount of energyconsumed in a system, voltage and frequency. For the implementation of thistechnique, the operating system (OS) includes software applications thatdynamically control a voltage regulator or a frequency regulator or both. Inthis paper, we demonstrate for the first time a malicious use of the frequencyregulator against a TrustZone-enabled System-on-Chip (SoC). We use frequencyscaling to create a covert channel in a TrustZone-enabled heterogeneous SoC. Wepresent three different attacks, the first is discreet transmission ofsensitive data from the SoC to outside, using electromagnetic emission. Thesecond attack is the inside-SoC transfer of valuable data from a secure ARMcore to a non-secure one. The last attack is the inside-SoC transfer of databetween a non-trusted third party IP embedded in the programmable logic part ofthe SoC and a processor core.

DVFS as a Security Failure of TrustZone-enabled Heterogeneous SoC