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There has been a long history in electrical muscle stimulation (EMS), whichhas been used for medical and interaction purposes. Human-computer interaction(HCI) researchers are now working on various applications, including virtualreality (VR), notification, and learning. For the electric signals applied tothe human body, various types of waveforms have been considered and tested. Intypical applications, pulses with short duration are applied, however, manyperspectives are required to be considered. In addition to the duration andpolarity of the pulse/waves, the wave shapes can also be an essential factor toconsider. A problem of conventional EMS toolkits and systems are that they havea limitation to the variety of signals that it can produce. For example, somemay be limited to monophonic pulses. Furthermore, they are usually limited torectangular pulses and a limited range of frequencies, and other waveformscannot be produced. These kinds of limitations make us challenging to considervariations of EMS signals in HCI research and applications. The purpose of"{\it wavEMS}" is to encourage testing of a variety of waveforms for EMS, whichcan be manipulated through audio output. We believe that this can help improveHCI applications, and to open up new application areas.

wavEMS: Improving Signal Variation Freedom of Electrical Muscle Stimulation