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In this paper, we propose a dual-hop RF (Radio-Frequency)/FSO (Free-SpaceOptical) system with multiple relays employing the Decode-and-Forward (DF) andAmplify-and-Forward (AF) with a Fixed Gain (FG) relaying scheme. The RFchannels are subject to a Rayleigh distribution while the optical linksexperience a unified fading model emcopassing the atmospheric turbulence thatfollows the M\'alaga distribution (or also called the$\mathcal{M}$-distribution), the atmospheric path loss and the pointing error.Partial relay selection (PRS) with outdated channel state information (CSI) isproposed to select the candidate relay to forward the signal to thedestination. At the reception, the detection of the signal can be achievedfollowing either heterodyne or Intensity Modulation and Direct Detection(IM/DD). Many previous attempts neglected the impact of the hardwareimpairments and assumed ideal hardware. This assumption makes sense for lowdata rate systems but it would no longer be valid for high data rate systems.In this work, we propose a general model of hardware impairment to get insightinto quantifying its effects on the system performance. We will demonstratethat the hardware impairments have small impact on the system performance forlow signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), but it can be destructive at high SNR values.Furthermore analytical expressions and upper bounds are derived for the outageprobability and ergodic capacity while the symbol error probability is obtainedthrough the numerical integration method. Capitalizing on these metrics, wealso derive the high SNR asymptotes to get valuable insight into the systemgains such as the diversity and the coding gains. Finally, analytical andnumerical results are presented and validated by Monte Carlo simulation.

Aggregate Hardware Impairments Over Mixed RF/FSO Relaying Systems With Outdated CSI