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This paper proposes a detailed investigation on the uplink (UL) performanceof massive multiple-input-multiple-output (maMIMO) systems employingmaximum-ratio combining at the receiver. While most papers in maMIMO literatureassume orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM), current standardslike LTE employ single-carrier (SC) waveform in the UL due to several benefits.We thus perform a systemic comparison between two fundamental schemes: thetime-reversal MRC (TRMRC) operating under SC, and the frequency-domain MRC(FDMRC) employed with OFDM. It was recently shown that TRMRC outperforms FDMRCin terms of achievable rates, since SC systems do not require the cyclic prefix(CP) of OFDM. On the other hand, the computational complexity of TRMRCalgorithm is higher than that of FDMRC, even when efficient solutions areemployed (e.g., fast convolution with the overlap-and-add method). Hence, thebest scheme for the UL maMIMO systems still remains an open question. The maincontribution of this paper is the comparison of the total energy efficiency ofboth TRMRC and FDMRC when used in the UL of maMIMO systems. Our results showthat, for current typical system parameters, FDMRC/OFDM achieves a higher totalenergy efficiency than TRMRC/SC. However, if the cell radius is below 300mand/or the computational efficiency increases by 30% regarding the currentprocessors, the TRMRC under SC waveform becomes more attractive for the UL ofmaMIMO systems.

Total Energy Efficiency of TD- and FD-MRC Receivers for Massive MIMO Uplink