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STEP (Solar Thermal Electrochemical Production) is an alternative solarenergy conversion process. New and original, unpublished STEP results arecompared with other STEP results. The STEP process uses semiconductors, solarenergy and electrochemistry to generate a wide range of useful chemicals,rather than electricity, as the product. Using both subgap (to generate heat)and super bandgap (to generate electrons) insolation, STEP is more efficientthan either photovoltaic or photoelectochemical solar energy conversion. STEPtheory is derived and experimentally verified for the electrosynthesis ofenergetic molecules at high solar energy efficiency. In STEP the efficientformation of metals, fuels, chlorine, and carbon capture is driven by solarthermal heated electrolyses occuring at voltage below that of the roomtemperature energy stored in the products. As one example, CO2 is reduced toeither fuels, or storable carbon, at solar efficiency over 50% due to a synergyof efficient solar thermal absorption and electrochemical conversion at hightemperature and reactant concentration. CO2 is efficiently transformed tocarbon nanotubes (C2CNT) with or without solar energy. New results on CO2-freeSTEP ammonia, iron and cement production are delineated. Water is efficientlysplit to H2 by molten electrolysis. A pathway is provided for the STEP decreaseof atmospheric CO2 levels to pre-industial levels in 10 years.

STEP: Efficient Carbon Capture and Solar Thermal Electrochemical Production of ammonia, fuels, cement, carbon nanotubes, metals and bleach