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We demonstrate a laser-based underwater transfer of radio frequency clocksignal with a phase compensation technique. With this frequency transferscheme, a 100 MHz signal has been transferred over 5 m underwater link. Timingjitter power spectral density, timing fluctuations and instabilities were allmeasured to evaluate the quality of the transferred frequency signal. Theexperimental results show the root-mean-square (RMS) timing fluctuations of thetransferred frequency signal over 5 m underwater link with and without phasecompensation are 2.1 ps and 9.6 ps within 5000 s, respectively. The relativefractional frequency instabilities are on the order of 5E-13 at 1 s and 7E-16at 1000 s for phase-compensated link, and 2E-12 at 1 s and 7E-15 at 1000 sforuncompensated link, respectively. The proposed frequency transfer scheme has apotential application that disseminating Cs and H-master clocks signal over theunderwater transmission link since the stability of the transmission link issuperior to these atomic clocks.

Laser-based underwater transfer of radio-frequency clock signal with electronic phase compensation