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This paper proposes a concept of generalized energy storage (GES) tofacilitate the integration of large-scale heterogeneous flexible resources withelectric/thermal energy storage capacity to participate in multiple markets.First, a generalized state variable referred to as degree of satisfaction (DoS)is defined, and dynamic models with a unified form are derived for differenttypes of GESs. Second, a real-time market-based coordination framework isproposed to facilitate control, and ensure user privacy and device security.Demand curves of different GESs are then developed based on DoS to expresstheir demand urgencies as well as flexibilities. Furthermore, a low-dimensionalaggregate dynamic model of a GES cluster is derived thanks to the DoS-equalitycontrol feature provided by the design of demand curve. At last, anoptimization model for a large-scale GESs to participate in both the energymarket and regulation market is established based on the aggregate model.Simulations results demonstrate that the optimization algorithm couldeffectively reduce the total cost of an aggregator. Additionally, the proposedcoordination method has high tracking accuracy and could well satisfy users'diversified power demand.

Aggregating Large-Scale Generalized Energy Storages to Participate in Energy Market and Regulation Market