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Synthetic molecular communication (MC) is a new communication engineeringparadigm which is expected to enable revolutionary applications such as smartdrug delivery and real-time health monitoring. The design and implementation ofsynthetic MC systems (MCSs) at nano- and microscale is very challenging. Thisis particularly true for synthetic MCSs employing biological components astransmitters and receivers or as interfaces with natural biological MCSs.Nevertheless, since such biological components have been optimized by natureover billions of years, using them in synthetic MCSs is highly promising. Thispaper provides a survey of biological components that can potentially serve asthe main building blocks, i.e., transmitter, receiver, and signaling particles,for the design and implementation of synthetic MCSs. Nature uses a largevariety of signaling particles of different sizes and with vastly differentproperties for communication among biological entities. Here, we focus on threeimportant classes of signaling particles: cations (specifically protons andcalcium ions), neurotransmitters (specifically acetylcholine, dopamine, andserotonin), and phosphopeptides. For each of these candidate signalingparticles, we present several specific transmitter and receiver structuresmainly built upon proteins that are capable of performing the distinctphysiological functionalities required from the transmitters and receivers ofMCSs. Moreover, we present options for both microscale implementation of MCSsas well as the micro-to-macroscale interfaces needed for experimentalevaluation of MCSs. Furthermore, we outline new research directions for theimplementation and the theoretical design and analysis of the proposedtransmitter and receiver architectures.

A Survey of Biological Building Blocks for Synthetic Molecular Communication Systems