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Enhancing the absorption and emission of electromagnetic waves over a broadrange of wavelengths is a topic of fundamental and applied interest inphotonics and energy research. In the context of light trapping in solar cells,for example, significant interest in the past decade has focused on overcominglimits in the ray-optics regime with nanophotonic structures. However, manysuch structures, in particular plasmonic structures, or PT-symmetric systemscan posses multiple materials with varying values of intrinsic loss. Here, werigorously determine the effect of parasitic loss on the achievable absorptionenhancement in arbitrary electromagnetic structures. We show that thefundamental limit of broadband absorption enhancement, even in the presence oflarge parasitic loss in an alternate material, can exceed conventionalray-optics limits on light trapping and absorption enhancement. We numericallyverify this behavior by determining the absorption enhancement factor of acanonical system, a metal-insulator-metal waveguide, whose core is a low-indexorganic semiconductor, in the presence of varying intrinsic loss values in themetal.

Limits on Broadband Absorption Enhancement in the Presence of Multiple Lossy Materials