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The various applications using Distributed Ledger Technologies (DLT) orblockchains, have led to the introduction of a new `marketplace' where multipletypes of digital assets may be exchanged. As each blockchain is designed tosupport specific types of assets and transactions, and no blockchain willprevail, the need to perform interblockchain transactions is already pressing.  In this work we examine the fundamental problem of interoperable andinterconnected blockchains. In particular, we begin by introducing theMulti-Distributed Ledger Objects (MDLO), which is the result of aggregatingmultiple Distributed Ledger Objects -- DLO (a DLO is a formalization of theblockchain) and that supports append and get operations of records (e.g.,transactions) in them from multiple clients concurrently. Next, we define theAtomicAppends problem, which emerges when the exchange of digital assetsbetween multiple clients may involve appending records in more than one DLO.Specifically, AtomicAppend requires that either all records will be appended onthe involved DLOs or none. We examine the solvability of this problem assumingrational and risk-averse clients that may fail by crashing, and under differentclient utility and append models, timing models, and client failure scenarios.We show that for some cases the existence of an intermediary is necessary forthe problem solution. We propose the implementation of such intermediary over aspecialized blockchain, we term Smart DLO (SDLO), and we show how this can beused to solve the AtomicAppends problem even in an asynchronous, clientcompetitive environment, where all the clients may crash.

Atomic Appends: Selling Cars and Coordinating Armies with Multiple Distributed Ledgers