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The steady decrease in the levelized cost of solar energy (LCOE) has made itincreasingly cost-competitive against fossil fuels. The cost reduction issupported by a combination of material, device, and system innovations. To thisend, bifacial solar farms are expected to decrease LCOE further by increasingthe energy yield; but given the rapid pace of design/manufacturing innovations,a cost-inclusive optimization of bifacial solar farms has not been reported. Inour worldwide study, we use a fundamentally new approach to decouple energyyield from cost considerations by parameterizing the LCOE formula in terms of"land-cost" and "module cost" to show that an interplay of these parametersdefines the optimum design of bifacial farms. For ground-mounted solar panels,we observe that the panels must be oriented horizontally and packed densely forlocations with high "land-cost", whereas the panels should be optimally tiltedfor places with high "module-cost". Compared to a monofacial farm, the modulesin an optimized bifacial farm must be tilted ~15-20 degrees higher and willreduce LCOE by ~8-10% in many locations of the world. The results in this paperwill guide the deployment of LCOE-minimized ground-mounted tilted bifacialfarms around the world.

A Worldwide Cost-based Design and Optimization of Tilted Bifacial Solar Farms