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Fathoming deconfined phases is one of the key issues in modern condensedmatter. Striking many-body effects including massive quantum entanglement andcoherence may be realized as manifested in quantum spin liquids and topologicalorders. Here, we demonstrate that deconfined phases even host exotic thermalphase transitions, dubbed deconfined thermal transitions. Constructing a $Z_2$lattice gauge model with strong interactions between $Z_2$ gauge fluxes, weprove the existence of a thermal phase transition between deconfined andconfined phases in two spatial dimensions in sharp contrast to its absence inthe Wegner model. Incorporating deconfined fermions, it is shown that gaplessexcitations from Fermi surfaces endow line-tension to $Z_2$ gauge fluxes atzero temperature, and we argue that a deconfined thermal transition withdeconfined fermions may be interpreted as a hidden order transition withthermal gap-opening in Fermi surfaces. Moreover, it is shown that symmetrybreaking transitions in deconfined phases may be unconventional. Global $Z_2$and $U(1)$ symmetry breaking transitions in deconfined phases may be in thesame universality class, which is impossible under the conventionalLandau-Ginzburg-Wilson paradigm. Characteristic signatures of the transitionsin experiments and candidate strongly correlated systems such as Kitaevmaterials are also discussed.

Deconfined Thermal Phase Transitions with $Z_2$ Gauge Structures