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Background: As most of the software development organizations aremale-dominated, female developers encountering various negative workplaceexperiences reported feeling like they "do not belong". Exposures todiscriminatory expletives or negative critiques from their male colleagues mayfurther exacerbate those feelings. Aims: The primary goal of this study is toidentify the differences in expressions of sentiments between male and femaledevelopers during various software engineering tasks. Method: On this goal, wemined the code review repositories of six popular open source projects. We useda semi-automated approach leveraging the name as well as multiple socialnetworks to identify the gender of a developer. Using SentiSE, a customized andstate-of-the-art sentiment analysis tool for the software engineering domain,we classify each communication as negative, positive, or neutral. We alsocompute the frequencies of sentiment words, emoticons, and expletives used byeach developer. Results: Our results suggest that the likelihood of usingsentiment words, emoticons, and expletives during code reviews varies based onthe gender of a developer, as females are significantly less likely to expresssentiments than males. Although female developers were more neutral to theirmale colleagues than to another female, male developers from three out of thesix projects were not only writing more frequent negative comments but alsowithholding positive encouragements from their female counterparts. Conclusion:Our results provide empirical evidence of another factor behind the negativework place experiences encountered by the female developers that may becontributing to the diminishing number of females in the SE industry.

Expressions of Sentiments During Code Reviews: Male vs. Female